Digital Modulation Techniques

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY TERM PAPER Topic: Digital Modulation Techniques Course code: ELE102 Course title: Electrical science-II Submitted to:Submitted by: Subrahmanyam Tanala Sirvishwajeet kumar Sec:K1901 Roll:B57 Contents INTRODUCTION †¢ 1 Aim †¢ 2 Analog modulation methods †¢ 3 Digital modulation methods o 3. 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods o 3. 2 Modulator and detector principles of operation o 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques †¢ 4 Digital baseband modulation or line coding †¢ 5 Pulse modulation methods †¢ 6 Miscellaneous modulation techniques 7 References INTRODUCTION In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parame ters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (â€Å"volume†), its phase (â€Å"timing†) and its frequency (â€Å"pitch†), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal.Typically a high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square wave pulse train may also occur. Aim The aim of digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog passband channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a bandpass filter limits the frequency range to between 300 and 3400 Hz), or over a limited radio frequency band. The aim of analog modulation is to transfer an analog baseband (or lowpass) signal, for example an audio signal or TV signal, over an analog passband channel, for example a limited radio frequency band or a cable TV network channel. | 2 Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog info rmation signal. [pic] [pic] A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave. Common analog modulation techniques are: †¢ Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Double-sideband modulation (DSB) ? Double-sideband modulation with carrier (DSB-WC) (used on the AM radio broadcasting band) ?Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) ? Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC) o Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM), †¢ Angle modulation o Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) o Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the carrier signal is varied in accordance to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal) The accompanying figure shows the results of (amplitude-)modulating a signal on to a carrier (both of which are sine waves).At any point along the y-axis, the amplitude of the modulated signal is equal to the sum of the carrier signal and the modulating signal amplitudes. [pic] [pic] Simple example of amplitude modulation. 3 Digital modulation methods In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet). [pic] [pic] Schematic of 4 baud (8 bps) data link.A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence 00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud.Since each tone (i. e. , symbol) represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i. e. 2000 bits per second. This is similar to the technique used by dialup modems as opposed to DSL modems. . According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission. . 1 Fundamental digital modulation methods The most fundamental digita l modulation techniques are based on keying: †¢ In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used. †¢ In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used. †¢ In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used. †¢ In the case of QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), a finite number of at least two phases, and at least two amplitudes are used. FSK The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analogue waveform.Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. Below shows the basic representation. [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] With binary FSK, the centre or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. Thus the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchanged. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. Uses of FSK.Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications like railroad signalling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers the following specs; – Speeds of up to 9600 bps – Full-duplex or half duplex operation. – Distance up to 9. 5 miles In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. The Bell 103 had a data rate of only 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s.Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to c onvey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK. The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high).If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low). Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. -B inary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states. Phase Shift Keying – PSK Phase shift keying (PSK) is a method of transmitting and receiving digital signals in which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information. The simplest form of PSK has only two phases, 0 and 1. It is therefore a type of ASK with  ¦(t) taking the values -1 or 1, and its bandwidth is the same as that of ASK.The digital signal is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the same (low or high). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is , if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low) If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees, that is, if the phase reverses, then the signal state changes (from low to high or from high to low).Because there are two possible wave phases, this form of PSK is sometimes called bi-phase modulation. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes. Variants of PSK. a)Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): – Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits – Simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth [pic] Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better performance than ASK and FSK. PSK can be expanded to a M-array scheme, employing multiple phases and amplitudes as different states.Filtering can be employed to avoid spectral spreading. b)Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK): – Multilevel modulation technique: 2 bits per symbol â€⠀œ More spectrally efficient, more complex receiver [pic][pic][pic] Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. Output waveform is sum of modulated;  ± Cosine and  ± Sine wave. Variants of QPSK [pic] – Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (i. e.. 180o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90o – ? /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. Uses of PSK Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) – BPSK is mainly used in deep space telemetry and also cable modems Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and it Variants Satellites – CDMA, (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several proto cols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. TETRA, Terrestrial Trunked Radio) is a set of standards developed by the European Telecommunications Standardization Institute (ETSI) that describes a common mobile radio communications infrastructure throughout Europe This infrastructure is targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such as police and fire departments), utility companies, and other enterprises that provide voice and data communications services. LMDS, (Local Multipoint Distribution System) is a system for broadband microwave wireless transmission direct from a local antenna to homes and businesses within a line-of-sight radius, a solution to the so-called last-mile technology problem of economically bringing high-bandwidth services to users. . 3. 3 List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are: †¢ Phase-shift keying (PSK): o Binary PSK (BPS K), using M=2 symbols Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols o 8PSK, using M=8 symbols o 16PSK, using M=16 symbols o Differential PSK (DPSK) o Differential QPSK (DQPSK) o Offset QPSK (OQPSK) o ? /4–QPSK †¢ Frequency-shift keying (FSK): o Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) o Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK) o Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) o Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) †¢ Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) †¢ On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB †¢ Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) – a combination of PSK and ASK: o Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK. [citation needed] †¢ Continuous phase modulation (CPM) methods: o Minimum-shift keying (MSK) o Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) †¢ Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation: o discrete multitone (DMT) – including adaptive modulation and bit-load ing. †¢ Wavelet modulation Miscellaneous modulation techniques †¢ The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation. †¢ Adaptive modulation †¢ Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems. 7 REFRENCES J. R. Barry, E. A. Lee, D. G. Messerschmidt, Digital Communication, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004. www. wikipedia. org Communication systems (Simon Haykin), Wiley India

Business Law Scenario Commercial Property

To develop what you believe is a terrific idea for a video game, you lease 50,000 square feet in an office building from Commercial Property, LLC, under a written five-year lease. Your goal is to put the game on the market within two years. Several months into the term, a competitor unexpectedly releases a new game title featuring play that would make your game appear to be a poorly crafted imitation. Can you assign the lease to another party? Explain. You would need the landlord here to get approval to an assignment of the lease. Any task would require a contract since the current lease is between you the tenant and the landlord. All leases hold some type of clause that requires the landlord to consent to a project or sub lease. In most situations the landlord would permit the obligation of your lease assuming that he or she has proper credit history. But in some cases it depends on the limited liability company and if it allows it. What your competitor does has no affect on your lease. It would be nice to help recover some money that they have invested in the lease and to recover some of the loss, if it is aloud, hopefully the commercial property limited liability company allows it, because that would be really nice to recover some cost and not be completely in the whole. You would have to hope that a commercial property limited liability company would work with you, but in some cases a lease is a lease no questions asked and if they decide no then that is all you can do and you will have to take a loss. But I think if you are honest you will be okay and they will be fair.

Military Support Eases the Reality of War for Military Families

The military offers a lifetime of opportunities to young Americans and there families.  Ã‚   Many young people see joining the military as a great escape to a better life, an education that is vital yet paid for, and security for their families.   The military offer great incentives and benefits, but there is also the risk of being sent to war.The immediate effects of war on family members of military personal are psychological including separation anxiety and the fear of losing a loved one.   Many people see the military as a tough system which sends people to work or war and does not offer any repercussions.   This is not the case.   Reviewing the effects of separation anxiety and the fear of losing a loved along with the programs the military has set up to help families through this transition will enable others to see this is not a one sided phenomenon.Separation anxiety occurs when families are separated effecting the spouse and children as well as the military persona l, causing heartache for all parties involved.   Spouses and children are often at the butt of separation anxiety especially during times of war.   Children often have many questions regarding war and the concept of terrorism. The military has great services available to help families cope during this difficult time including local support groups and psychological support.The military has also incorporated virtual help for deployed military personal.   The thinking behinds this being that a soldier knows â€Å"that if his comrades see him talking with one of the shrinks on base, they would lose trust in him, label him a head case. A medical file soon would contain records of the visit. If he ever wanted a promotion, he'd have to explain the weakness of his mind†(Berton, 2004).   So with virtual therapy nothing is displayed on the soldier’s record and the soldier receives the emotional support and help he needs to cope with this difficult time.Fear of losing a l oved one can lead to many types of psychological distress.   This fear may cause anxiety or depression in family members. Beth Sneller gave some insight about military families â€Å"In some ways, they almost feel guilty. When many military parents hear about the death of a local soldier they think at first how glad they are it isn't their child. But then, they say, that relief gives way to a deep feeling of sadness. ‘Every time you hear of a death, you can't help but feel emotional for those poor parents’ said Rod (A father whose son is an army captain)† (Sneller, 2004, p. 13).There fear of losing a loved one has many military families seeking support from local facilities or internet groups.   The internet groups support those who have lost a loved one â€Å"so almost weekly, they say, they're sending condolences to friends across the nation who have lost loved ones overseas. ‘Every single time a picture gets flashed across in the evening news, it's deeply personal,’ said Nancy Manzie of Naperville, whose son, Brent Lewis, is in the inactive Marine reserves. Even if they don't know the soldier (personally), they still feel a connection to his or her family† (Sneller, 2004, p. 13).When considering the military’s effect on society during our current war and wars of the past there has been a negative outlook among the public.   There are rumors of injured soldiers not receiving proper medical care when they return home to the states.   The tough and rigorous lifestyle causes people to shy away from seeking psychological help because of the way the will be viewed by their friends and peers. â€Å"Army Reserve Sgt. Mike Durant, 33, who fought in Al Doha, Iraq, about 20 miles south of Baghdad fromFebruary 2005 to January 2006, said the view toward therapy among the ranks was â€Å"comparable to what it was in the 1940s.† During his tour, Durant, who now lives in Sacramento, saw a friend blown up by an improvised explosive device. At the time, his wife at home was in the process of divorcing him. Durant admitted he had thought of killing himself. â€Å"I wanted the waiting to be over,† he said. â€Å"We'd do IED sweeps along the same roads, some days all day. You were just waiting for it to happen to you.You were waiting to get blown up.† His officers ordered him to visit a field Combat Stress Center for a mandatory 72-hour evaluation. Even before he returned to his battalion, he knew his commanders had lost faith in him. Anyone who was shipped to the shrinks, or sought treatment, was a liability. â€Å"In their eyes, I was no longer reliable,† Durant said. â€Å"I couldn't be trusted. I was unstable to them.† Even though he had been a member of the unit for 10 years and had served as an infantry team leader who was responsible for three men, Durant said that, while he was not officially demoted on paper, his duties dropped from one of leadership to tha t of a rifleman. â€Å"Before I was sent there, I was fairly respected and highly regarded,† he said. After his time at the Combat Stress Center, Durant said, â€Å"Peers and friends didn't want anything to do with me; it was like I had some sort of disease†(Burton, 2004).The military still has strict over the top views about many things.   It is important to keep in mind that the United States Military has been one of the strongest military forces in the world for hundreds of years.   We as a nation are kept safe, happy, and considerably wealthy, compared to other countries, because of the strength of our military.   The military is aware of the damage that can be done by separating a couple or a family and they take every step possible to ease the pain. There is compassion within the military, just not when it comes to warfare.Sneller, B. (2004, October 13). For Military Families, Every Death Hits Close to Home. Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL), p. 13. Retr ieved March 19, 2007, from Questia database: https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-123950032/for-military-families-every-death-hits-close-to-home

Brainstorm one of the ten topics given (pls refer to description Essay

Brainstorm one of the ten topics given (pls refer to description uploaded) - Essay Example The Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 in Rogers, Akansas by Sam Walton. Expanding the number of outlets based on the success of the initial outlet, Sam Walton replicated the winning formula in to the Wal-Mart Chain of outlets. The company was incorperated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.in 1969. It was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange in year 1972. In year 1990 the company becomes the largest retailer in USA. Its foreign operations start in 1991 with a store in Mexico city. Since then the company has grown locally and intenationally with a host of strategic acquisitions such as the Woolco- canda, ASDA-UK and Amigo- Pueterico. The ompany holds 9% of the US retail storemarket share by revenue. Out of every $100 spent in U.S. retail shops, $ 8.90 is spent every year at Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is the largest employee in USA, Canada and Mexico. The company operates its own real estate company which is the largest in the United States. Wal-Mart alos operates the largest private sattalite communication system which links its suppliers and stores located globally. 138 million shoppers across the world are catered by Wal-Mart each week. 82% of American households have made at least one purchase at Wal-Mart. Its scale of operations is as big enough to impact on the US economy itself. â€Å" Wal-Mart increased the US economys overall productivity by three-quarters of a percent by highly efficient distribution systems and pressure on suppliers to be more efficient† (Wikipedia) Wal-Mart operates 5 categories of outlets. These include Wal-Mart Discount Stores , Wal-Mart Supercenters, Wal-Mart Neighbourhood Market, Sams Club and Wal-Mart International. It also operates Wal-Mart Online. These store formats differ by their average floor space and merchandise. Sams Club which operates on deep discounting basis caters to small business owners who are members of the club. The supercenters feature exprsess Lube

Importance of sustained economic growth, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of sustained economic growth, - Essay Example As far as South West region is concerned, the percentage share of the region in UK’s total GVA for the year 2012 has been 7.3 percent, which does not reflect a significant rise in it in comparison with the previous years’ GVA. Analysis of the Trends in GVA, GVA per Head and GVA per Head Indices for South West Region (1997 – 2012) Keeping in view the data pertaining to the gross value added by South West, there has been a sustained increase in the workplace based GVA at current basic prices on a year on year basis (See Appendix II). Similarly, this consistency has been maintained in the GVA per head also. The trends in these variables have been graphically presented as follows: For both GVA and GVA per head, there have been increasing trends noted in the time period under consideration. Particularly from 1997 to 2007, the increase in the growth for GVA has been higher and the rate of growth has declined a bit from 2007 and onwards. These trends are true for both G VA and GVA per head. ... In addition to this, the performance of the region with respect to the gross value added has been influenced by various factors which include supply chains, availability of credit, policies and regulations, etc. Sustained Economic Growth in South Western England and Future Economic Rebalancing Keeping in view the slow recovery shown by the economy in the post economic crisis period, it can be stated that there are various factors which are important for sustained growth in South Western England, while considering the future economic rebalancing. In general, it is the overall economy of the UK which influences the performance and growth for regional economies. However, as noted by the South West Observatory (2011), there are two main factors which are expected to influence sustainable growth in SW England. These factors include, â€Å"Regional Output Growth Prospects (GVA, Constant Price)† and â€Å"Regional Employment Prospects (Full Time Equivalent)† (South West Observ atory, 2011). Based on the overall macroeconomic conditions of the UK’s economy, South West Observatory (2011) has made forecasts of the economic growth in the region. Similar to the trends noted in other regions of England, the trends for Regional Output Growth and Regional Employment for SW England in 2008-2009 declined sharply, owing to the global economic downturn. However, recovery was noted in the following period, 2009-2010, which was then projected to be followed by a declining trend in the period 2010-2011. Although economic experts and forecasting agencies have argued that extreme weather conditions has stirred up the decline in economic growth indicators for UK in the post crisis period, but the tightening of fiscal

Communication Process Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication Process Model - Essay Example In this scenario, nurse is the receiver of the message. The receiver obtains the message and understands the message according to his or her perception. The process of understanding the message is decoding, decoding of the message has taken place in this scenario but the receiver has not been able to understand the actual meaning of the message. The desired meaning of the message was that the patient has to take prescribed pills for three times a day, with an interval of four to six hours; the patient has to consume pills with food. The nurse interpreted the message in a different manner; the nurse perceived that the patient had to take one of the pills, each time he consumed food. Message is data dispatched by an individual (sender) and received by another individual (receiver). In this case, message was the directions of medicine consumption. Communication process fails if the message is misunderstood. Channel is the route selected by the sender to send the message. In this case, channel was patient record. Feedback is the response given to the sender by the receiver. Feedback helps the sender analyze whether the recipient has deduced the desired meaning of the message. Feedback can be vocal or non-vocal responses; in this case, feedback is the direction that patient follows to take his medication. This feedback will inform the sender (physician), that the message was not properly decoded. Obstacles are barriers of effective communication. In this case, obstacle was the perception of the receiver. The receiver could not perceive the actual meaning of the message, and the communication process failed. The patient has clearly misinterpreted the message because the nurse failed to interpret the original meaning of the message. The consequence of this misinterpretation is over dosage of medication. The patient might end up consuming the medication more than prescribed by the physicians; he might

Business analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business analysis - Essay Example The company owns more than 700 stores which are operating in United Kingdom and more than 300 of these stores are spread in around 40 countries. The company possesses expertise and specialists in the production and selling of luxury, food, and clothing products. Marks and Spencer was initiated by Thomas Spencer and Michael Marks in the year 1884 in Leeds (M&S, 2012). Later, during the late 1990s, the company gained the status of being the first British retailer to earn a pre-tax profit of more than  £1 billion. Afterwards, within a period of two years, it was caught in the economic and financial crises which took many years for the company to recover. At the moment, the company is the leading retailer of UK and, every week, over 21 million people visit the stores of M&S. The company offers high quality, creative and great value products for home and clothing along with the food of an outstanding quality. The products of the company are responsibly sourced from over 20,000 suppliers from all over the world (M&S, 2012). Moreover, an M&D employee 78,000 people from and outside UK, and possesses an international business which is expanding on an enormous rate. The concept of business environment pertains to the environment in which a business organization performs its activities and functions. It may be defined as an environment which comprises of the economic, political, social, and legal factors which impact the functions and operations of business either directly or indirectly. These factors have a direct bearing on the activities of business processes (Richard Pelly, 2011). A business environment of an organization is of two types: This environment is related to the internal aspects of the organization and affects the functions and activities directly. It includes the elements such as man, machinery, material, management, and marketing (Francisco, 2011). These factors are controllable and can change the other

Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Domestic Violence on Children - Essay Example In Australia, 75,000 to 640,000 children get exposure to domestic violence. An Australian study showed that up to 40% of chronically violent teenagers have exposure to extreme domestic violence. These statistics become of great concern when viewed globally. Under these circumstances, children grow up in a very violent environment where they witness the physical abuse that their parents inflict on each other. Furthermore, they hear the fighting noises and threats from their parents. They observe the results of the violent acts such as bloodshed, torn clothing, bruises, tears as well as broken items. This paper seeks to show the effects of domestic violence on children. Psychological effects of domestic violence Children who get exposed to such acts of violence normally develop unnecessary fear and anxiety. They are always waiting for the next violence. They fear that any slight argument may lead to violence. As such, they do not feel safe in the home since they do not know what will t rigger the next violence. They also feel powerless and worthless since they wish they could help, but they are not able to do so. It is this feeling of worthlessness that works against their self esteem. These children feel obliged to safeguard the family secrets. They, therefore, restrain themselves from exposing such secrets to outsiders (Zeck, 1993). For this reason, they look cool and composed from outside even when they are going through the toughest psychological torment. They do not seek help from out of fear of revealing the family secrets. Moreover, such children feel vulnerable and isolated. In some instances, they take the blame for the violence since they think that they are the cause. They grow up without the primary needs of a child such as attention, approval and affection. In such cases, mothers are normally busy trying to keep themselves safe and survive in a violent environment. They, therefore, forget their maternal role to the children. Fathers, on the other hand , struggle to seek control of everyone and forget their paternal role in the upbringing of their children. The children feel psychologically and physically abandoned. Emotional response to domestic violence in children Children may exhibit varied emotional responses to the domestic violence that they continually witness. Such response may include shame, fear, sleep disturbance, guilt, anger, depression among others. Moreover, such a child may also be affected physically by headache, stomachache, loss of concentration and bedwetting. Physical injuries may also come as a result of the struggle in an attempt to intervene during the violence (Gioia & Sims, 1983). Children who experience domestic violence also exhibit a number of behavioral changes in response to the violence. Such change in behavior includes anxiety to pleasing, throwing tantrums as well as withdrawal. This, in effect, affects their school attendance and performance. The children may also exhibit delay in growth and dev elopment. This includes developmental delays such as speech and cognitive skills. The children may also assume violence as a means of self expression and defense. They display increased force and aggression towards their peers. This makes their social lives harder since they are not able to socialize with people. Another adverse effect of domestic violence on children is compensation. In many cases, the children take care of their parents injured in domestic violence as well as their younger siblings. This way, they take up adult roles that are far above their ability. Consequently, there is a delay in the child’s emotional and physical development (Daly, Speedy &Jackson, 2004). Long term Effects of Domestic

Service, Solidarity and social justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Service, Solidarity and social justice - Essay Example In the author’s view, social injustices and suffering do have an exact form of measure thereby making it difficult to quantify or minimize. The three personalities showed solidarity with the poor, fought for their rights and stood by them. However, the culprits oppressing the disadvantage take every measure to ensure they continue with their oppression; a good example being the killings of Romero and Gustavo when they were campaigning against the oppression of the poor. The author proposes that the best way to deal with suffering and violence is to lay down fundamentals such as schools and hospitals. Additionally, many other allies to join the fight against oppression the way Martin Luther and the predecessors have done in the past. In summary, the author views accompaniments as the best way of dealing with grief and loss. One of the author’s main point of argument is that fields such as medicine and public health are neglecting the issue of grief and loss. I think this is not true because one of the fundamental principles taught to medicine students is how to console their patients and make them feel at home even when they are facing the toughest challenges such as cancer. In my opinion, doctors and public health officials offer much consolation the same way the liberation fighters provide solidarity to the poor. On the other hand, I strongly concur with the author that indeed it is quite challenging to quantify the amount of suffering one experience. Suffering that causes grief and loss are subjective in that what I view as suffering may not be misery to another person. The controversial view of suffering makes it hard to dealing with it. Respecting and acknowledging the efforts that activists such as Romero, Gustavo, and Martin did put in liberating the poor from oppression is not inevitable as they impacted on the lives of the helpless at a time of

Convention of architecture Diagrammatic Transformation of Architecture Research Paper

Convention of architecture Diagrammatic Transformation of Architecture - Research Paper Example The paper also provides an explanation of the tradition of architecture’s orientation to the convention of the diagram. A detailed description of how this idea diagram has been critiqued through a manifestation in contemporary projects is provided. Finally, the paper provides theory analysis to stake a new position in the contemporary architecture field. A diagram is simply an illustrative figure that offers a general scheme or an outline of an object, devoid of representing the precise appearance of it, in order to show the shape and the relations of the different parts of the object. It is a technique utilized to help illustrate what people are thinking in their heads (Reynolds 11). Ever since the 1980s, the convention diagram has been the favored method for theorizing, communicating, making and researching architectural designs, projects and ideas. Therefore, the rise of diagrams, in preference to the model or drawing was a major novel development in the process of design i n the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Classical architecture is simply the architecture of ancient Rome and the architecture of ancient Greece, as well as the architectural style(s) influenced by those; it is the architecture of classical antiquity. Classicism in architecture stresses on geometry, proportion, symmetry as well as the regularity of parts as they are illustrated in the architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome. ... Figure 2: Diagram of the Parthenon The diagram of the Parthenon above illustrates how the way the Parthenon Frieze, in blue, ran around the architrave on the inner rows of the columns. It is of note that the frieze was a sequence of, bas relief stone picture carvings that show dissimilar people partaking in the Panathenaic Festival Procession. In regards to the tradition of classicist architecture’s orientation to the convention of diagram, various classical personalities such as Vitruvius, Philibert de I'Orme and Leonardo Da Vinci. Figure 3: Ampiprostyle temple and diagram of winds The figure above shows Amphiprostyle Temple. On the right is diagram of winds. Philibertde I’Orme: Architecture Rouen 1648. The diagram of winds figure resembles that in Vitruvius for perfect city plans, as well as the illustrious renaissance scheme of man as a measure of things by Leonardo da Vinci. It illustrates an obsession with the centralized plan. Figure 4: Vitruvius diagram of the wi nds Vitruvius who flourished during the late first century BCE describes 8 principal winds, although he noted that there are many other winds, though somehow dissimilar from the major 8 winds. He relates a list of 2 variations on either side of the 8 principal compass yielding up a wind rose comprising 24 winds. The winds are easy to draw since they are spaced equally at 15Â ° from one another. Other than wind direction, Vitruvius also used diagram to show town planning expressing his ideas of ideal city. Other than Vitruvius, Leonardo da Vinci also flourished as far as classicism architecture is concerned. Figure 5: Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci, 1490 Leonardo da Vinci’s

Search on the internet for a graph in your field of study that is Statistics Project

Search on the internet for a graph in your field of study that is misleading and discuss. Please also attach a link to the graph so that we can refer to the graph in your discussion - Statistics Project Example The third bar’s height is more than double that of the second bar, yet the value it represents is not. There is definitely an inconsistency presented in the illustration of the valuation of the company. Another part of the graph which is misleading is the way the horizontal axis is scaled. Although the bars are equally spaced, the dates that they represent have uneven intervals. The first bar represented the month of December, the second bar represented January but the next two bars represented two dates in March. One also noticed that the valuation for May 2011 was not included in the graph. Furthermore, the month of July showed three separate bars indicating valuations for three different days in the month. The author of the graph should be consistent as to the time interval that he wants to depict in his graph. Does he want it to be bi-monthly or monthly? Moreover, if he chooses to make the scale on a monthly basis, figures shown should be the same date of every month. He can consider using the first day or the last day of the month. The consistency of information presented is vital to prevent misleading the interpreters of the graph. This illustration confuses the readers becau se the trend that is shown is not reflective of the real picture of the company valuation since different time intervals are shown. PrivCo. (2011, August 24). Facebook valuation suffers first-ever consecutive drop. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from privco.com:

A Characters View, Drugstore Cowboy Essay Example for Free

A Characters View, Drugstore Cowboy Essay One page essay for Theater 19 acting class Due March 13 2012 By Charles (Chuck) Borges March 13th 5:30am This short essay is about a character in the film â€Å"Drugstore Cowboy† Bob. This is what I think his character is like, and what’s going on in his life before this next scene. Bob is a ringleader or mastermind of an underdeveloped group of drug store robbing addicts who Procure their vices by stealing them from local pharmacies. Bob likes doing drugs. He likes the whole lifestyle. While in the proses of robbing these establishments, Bob gets a euphoric Sense of power. The adrenalin rush is like no other. He risks going to jail, and losing his Freedom to obtain that rush at any expense. As long as it doesn’t come out of pocket. You see, Bob is a poor man He’s a hype that can shoot up enough dope to kill a horse. But that was then, and this is now. As he sits and ponders his mass confusion that he Called a life, in a small room, in some apartment complex, ran by a person like himself. An X Junkie named Tom. To say the last six months have been easy on Bob would be a lie. Sobriety Is kicking his ass and He’s starting to feel bored and becoming restless at work. Not a good sign. The daily grind was starting to bore into Bob like a drill bit. The addiction was winning its way Back into his life and he knew it. Bob’s life was better now. He has his boring job, boring apartment, boring life. But all in all, a respectable existence, surrounded by regular people with regular, Similar lives. But he’s still feeling alone and thinking of the good times he used to have with a Certain somebody he shared his tawdry past with. He’s feeling melancholy about the way he left her, but knowing that deep in his heart , it was the best solution from a destructive path. But still he is wondering to himself ,† I wonder what ever happened to my buddy who’s girlfriend died, and if they will ever find her body . † I’m thinking , he’s wondering â€Å" Is Diane alright?

Market strategy of Nokia

Market strategy of Nokia This report concentrates on the performance of Nokia in the year 2009 and the strategies which led to the same. The report begins with a brief introduction of the company and follows with PEST-G and SWOT analysis for the same. In addition to this a competitor analysis has been done to compare Nokias performance to its competitors and thereby analyzing its market share. Nokia seems to outperform its competitors due to a larger market share it enjoys. As we go further, a more detailed discussion of its marketing strategies can be seen. Nokia faces more competition today than a few years ago. The invasion of Android operating systems are more preferred than Nokias Symbian operating system. Targeting, positioning and segmentation have been analysed on the basis of a few key models. The report finally concludes with the evaluation of these strategies adopted by Nokia and how effective they have been or will be in the future. INTRODUCTION Around 1.2 billion (17%) people in the world connect through Nokia every day thereby proving their claim of, Connecting People. Nokia is a public limited company that is listed on three stock exchanges: NYSE, FWB and OMX. Nokia was founded in 1865 on the banks of the Nokianvirta River in Finland to produce a product very different from what it is commonly known for. It evolved from manufacturing paper to rubber to cables to electronics and then finally the mobile phone. The company owes its diversification and entry into mobile communications to its former President and CEO, Jorma Ollila who decided in 1992 to capitalize on the potential of this upcoming and growing sector. He decided to move out of their other businesses to focus on the development of communication products which was more profitable than their other business ventures. (Nokia online) THE MARKET ENVIRONMENT Nokia is a multinational company headquartered in Finland. It employs a total of 123,553 people worldwide and sells its products in over 160 countries. Nokia has Research Development Departments in 16 countries with 17,196 employees. Its major markets are in China, India and UK. From 2008-09, Nokias market share increased in China but decreased in India and UK. The reason for its declining market shares is possibly due to increase in competitors in India and the markets already being saturated in UK. Nokia produces technological products like mobile phones and smart phones, mobile computers and networks. PEST-G Analysis Under this section, the environmental factors affecting Nokia will be highlighted. The Competition Nokias top competitors in mobile devices are Samsung, LG, RIM and Sony Ericsson but in its smart phones, they face competition from Apple and RIM. According to the 1Q reports in 2010 (table 1.1appendix), Nokia shows declining market share. Samsungs share increased in India, one of Nokias top markets. RIMs market share also went up while LG and Sony Ericssons market shares declined in value. (Gartner online) Nokia may enjoy the larger share of the market but being complacent may have its adverse effects on the firms profitability. The operating system Symbian used by Nokia is user-friendly but has very limited applications. Whereas, the operating system Android being adopted by most of its competitors is an open system that allows its users to have access to a large number of applications. Also, the operating systems of RIM and I-Phones are quickly eating up Nokias market share. The Company Increasing competition and saturation of markets is causing Nokias sales to decline causing a major decline in its profits. Source (Annual reports) Drawn on the basis of table 1.2 appendix In 2009, Nokia predicted slight improvement in their market share in 2010 but were faced with negative outcomes. According to the 3Q report of 2010, Nokias shares have fallen to about 30%.The downward trend of profits is of great concern to the company. (Total Tele online) Nokia is the manufacturer of mobile phones but it does not sell directly to its end users. It engages in transactions between businesses (B2B), for instance it sells its products to wholesalers and retailers locally and internationally. This allows Nokia to make higher volumes of transactions. This chain of distribution is explained in greater detail under the marketing mix. SWOT Analysis Nokias internal and external factors can be summarized as below Internal Strengths: Market Dominance: Its market share is more than its top 3 competitors combined Good brand name and brand loyalty Takes into account customer preferences Nokia ranks 41st in Fortunes Worlds Most Admired Companies (http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2010/snapshots/6652.html) Reliable good quality products Value for money and has good resale value Weaknesses: Playing catch up with its competitors failing to bring differentiated products with a high level of competitive advantage to the market It has failed to make a brand of their models. For example, there is Samsung Galaxy S, LG Chocolate, Apple I-phone while Nokia is still using serial numbers to name its models. Their market share is declining constantly due to lack of innovative products and failure to capture the first mover advantage Insufficient marketing as opposed to its competitors Their software Symbian is under great criticism EXTERNAL Opportunities: Emerging markets like India and China hold great potential Middle East and Northern African nations are potential markets New innovative products with high competitive advantage Secure weakening position by entering into contracts with network operators to expand market share Acquire better software systems Threats: Direct competitors and threat from companies not considered as competition Their software system is no match to the Android and I-Phone software. Recession Smart phones are not competitive enough Brand image weakening/boring image Imitation (fake) and cheap products claiming to be Nokia can damage brand Nokias Marketing Strategy Based on several similar characteristics Nokia can segment their market: Demographic Features: Age and Gender: Nokia products appeal to most age groups and are more unisex. They are now introducing mobile phones with vibrant colors that would appeal to women and also the younger generations Income: Low Eg- C-series and dual sim phones Middle to High -Eg- N-series, E-series, Communicators Very High Eg- Vertu Phones Occupation: Businessmen they need phones that look professional and have multiple features: 3G technology, web access on-the-go, support organizing functions and connecting with clients. The Nokia E-series, N-series and Communicators are targeted at satisfying certain needs of businessmen. Students social networking, gaming features, and music options are the eye-catching characteristics sought by this demographic class. The N-series and Xpress Music models are quite popular in this segment. Level of Education: The user-friendly aspect of Nokia phones makes it easy for even illiterates to operate the phones. For those who like to read and use their phones aside from their communication functions, the latest Nokia phones like the N900 and other smart phones would be of great interest to them. Behavioural and Psychographic: Benefits Sought: Most Nokia products provide its users value for money as they satisfy multiple needs. For instance the Xpress Music models not only allow you to stay connected but also keep you entertained with its walkman features. Usage: Suitable for heavy or light usage. Perception and Personality: Customers perceive Nokia as a reliable and user friendly brand. Varying models for different personalities and tastes. Targeting And Positoning After Nokia has segmented its market, they develop a differentiated strategy for different segments. They aim to increase their market share by catering to all the segments. Even though their history of past products show their suitability for all age groups, recently launched products seem to be targeting the younger generation with a high level of involvement in this field. Nokia alongside its competitors Samsung, LG and Sony Ericsson offer its users a wide range of products at higher prices. They are able to charge such prices because of their brand image and benefits received by the customers in relation to the price they pay to obtain it. RIM and Apple also sell their products at high prices but they focus only on a narrow range of products. There strategy contradicts the former group as they focus on generating high revenues on the basis of the success of fewer product ranges. Nokia already enjoys a good position in relation to its competitors. Their brand is a self promoting tool. They like to market themselves as a brand that prioritizes its customers and adds value to their products. Nokia benefits by being an all-rounder in the manufacturing of mobile devices and the perception of being one of the best reliable brands in this industry. By supplying products of all ranges, low income to high income, professional to gaming, fancy to elegant, premium luxury to necessity the brand clearly displays its presence and dominance. MARKETING MIX The marketing mix consists of 4 elements (Product, Price, Place and Promotion), each of which will be discussed in detail below: Product No longer is the mobile phone a mere means to make phone calls but to perform more diverse functions like access the web, click photographs, share data, enjoy music, connect with friends through social networking sites, play games etc. Nokia manufactures a large number of differentiated handsets to cater to their wide and diverse target segments.Their products vary according to their features and serial numbers. They have successfully sold the Nokia C-series, N-series, E-series, Xpress Music models, Communicators and other mobiles with the power of their brand name. Recently they have launched the Ovi Stores which enable its users to download applications of their interest online. The most notable feature of the Ovi stores is their Ovi maps. In order to compete with their competitors, they are reducing their reliance on the Symbian operating system and developing models with the Maemo and Maego Operating Systems which are more open and allow users to develop their own games and share it with the rest of the world online. Product Life Cyle The N900 can be considered to be in its growth stage where the company has already reached its Break-Even-Point and is generating profits. Phones like the N97 and N91 have already matured and are generating constant returns and competing against its rivals. The Nokia Communicators are in the decline stages as the demand for older versions has fallen and competitors are offering better alternatives. In order to grow their market share, Nokia goes for product development i.e. launching new products in existing markets. Applying the BCG matrix (Boston Consulting Group), Nokia can be classified as the Cash Cows as they hold a greater share of the market but are not growing at the same pace as the growth of the market. As the market is growing, their share is reducing. This leads to implementing strategies to defend their position. Price Nokia adopts 2 pricing strategies. They price their products on the basis of: Market skimming technique i.e. setting high prices at the launch of the product and gradually reducing the prices when competitors enter the market. Competitors price they price their products more or less at the same price as their competitors. Place Nokia does not sell directly to its end users. It uses indirect channels through which it distributes its products to the mass population. They are engaged in Business-to-Business transactions. For example, Nokia sells their products to Sharaf DG, Axiom Mobiles, Jumbo, Jackys, etc in the UAE who then sell it to its end users. Promotion Nokia promotes itself mainly through advertising and sponsoring events. They use strong brand ambassadors like Priyanka Chopra and Shahrukh Khan in mass media advertising through Televisions. They develop effective and catchy advertisements where their brand name is the main selling point. Evaluation of Nokias Strategies Nokia has performed remarkably well in securing the position it enjoys today of being the market leader. But the real challenge they face is securing and maintaining this position. Being the dominant player, it should have been able to easily drive away the competition in the Smartphone market and grabbed the first mover advantage. Whereas it is playing catch up with RIMs BlackBerry and Apples I-Phone. Their efforts need to be more effective and their products more competitive as they have not been able to launch a product recently that can be classified as a paradigm shift. Conclusion: Nokia has performed well in the year 2009, however failure to overcome technologies of other smart phones can lead to a big damage to Nokia. Even though the brand name Nokia is sufficient to drive sales, the aggressive marketing and advertising strategies undertaken by its rivals can cause sufficient damage to their cash flows. Hence they need to focus more on not only advertising their brand but also their competitive advantages over its rivals. None the less, it is by far the most preferred brand of consumers according to a survey conducted in the UAE (Arabian business online) APPENDIX Table 1.1 Market Share of Top 5 Mobile Vendors from 2009-10 Table 1.2 Sales and Profit of Nokia for the past 5 years YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 34191 41121 51058 50710 40984 Profit 3616 4306 7205 3988 891

Meaning Of Mobile Banking Information Technology Essay

Meaning Of Mobile Banking Information Technology Essay The internet and the mobile phone, the two technological advancements that have profoundly affected human behavior in the last decade have started to converge. Using a variety of platforms, services are being created to enable mobile devices to perform many activities of the traditional internet in a reduced format for mobile devices. One such area of activity is mobile banking. A cluster of dedicated and demanding mobile phone users (consumers) have multiplied tremendously over the years, who expect real-time information and access and high levels of service. This article looks at how and why banking customers have began to take advantage of mobile services for their banking requirements and why some of them are still hesitant to adopt mobile banking. Also this article throws light on some of the eminent challenges faced by the mobile banking service providers, which can be seen as opportunities for the financial institutions and the bankers. Introduction: Recently, the demands and requirements of banking consumers are altering quickly with the rise in the technological avenues made available in the banking world. Banking Customers have started demanding flawless, multi-channel service experiences. The result is forcing banks and financial institutions to facilitate them with the latest business models and banking solutions. With the increase in the customer demands and expectations, it has became necessary for the banks and Financial Institutions to update and transform their retail distribution channel for banking services from a branch banking-dominated model to a multi-channeled service model. Mobile banking is one such channel through which ample business is getting generated for Banks. Meaning of Mobile Banking In a laymans context, the term Mobile Banking means; Execution of Banking and Financial transactions using a Mobile phone or Availing banking services through a medium of cellular phone, without visiting the banks branch SMSs sent by bank on withdrawal and deposit transactions, credit card and ATM card usage notifications sent by bank, a call received from customer care department of the bank for critical transaction requests, Bill payments made from the bank balances through cell phone, transfer of money from one account to another using cell phone, etc. are all examples of Mobile Banking transactions. Also it is the primary responsibility of the Banks (Mobile banking facilitators) to ensure that all the Mobile banking transactions are secured and performed on a real time basis. Behavioral intentions of consumers for using mobile banking services Consumers will generally prefer using Mobile Banking over the traditional Branch banking for the following reasons: Mobile phone has already evolved as a familiar device in majority of middle class house holds Mobile Phone is always handy Sufficient guidance is available in using mobile phone for banking Mobile Phone enables fast and effortless banking transactions Service quality provided by banks, for Mobile Banking transactions is acceptable one Consumers are generally hesitant using Mobile Banking services for the following reasons: Mobile banking services cannot be used practically, due to expensive phone bills Data transmission rate is too slow while carrying out Mobile Banking transactions Mobile phone is found complicated in use due to Poor user interface Users have faced disappointment due to Malfunction of services and lack of operating instructions by Banks Challenges Faced by Banks and Financial institutions in facilitating Mobile Banking Transactions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Security of financial transactions, fraud and identity theft issues are getting increased importance, as the mobile banking users need to be safeguarded against such malpractices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Compliance issues are now being examined by governmental agencies, which include anti-money laundering compliance issues for banks, because cell phones, particularly those using prepaid accounts, (having few checks on the identity of the user) are popularly used by money launderers to transfer funds quickly, inexpensively, and anonymously. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are no common technology standards for mobile banking. Various kinds of Client-based and Server based technologies are used, so there are Interoperability issues. A mobile banking solution usually is client specific and cannot have connectivity with multiple banks and hence becomes inconvenient for a user with multiple accounts. Also there are different kinds of mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution for a particular type of device. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Service offerings range from simple complex transactions like checking account balances, bill payments, alerts, loan statements etc to complex transactions like electronic wallet, forex payments, mobile financial advisor etc. making it difficult for a technology solution provider to deliver on all parameters. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Again a same mobile solution may not work in every market, it should be market specific solution, and different markets should be understood properly. In developed markets, being an innovator is very likely to be a failure and also expensive. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Some consumers also have barriers in mobile banking adoption due to lack of awareness and understanding of the benefits provided by mobile banking. Therefore overcoming the perception of consumer risks and increasing the computer and technological skills literacy among the mobile phone user stands as a challenge for the banks Recommendation The usage of Mobile Devices for Financial and Banking transactions could be made more effective by controlling mobile banking transactions by voice instead of opting for long typed sentences on the mobile devices. Conclusion Mobile banking has already evolved as a powerful intermediate towards efficient and real-time banking service. The Banks and the mobile banking service providers are working their way towards increasing consumer acceptance with mobile devices to carry out their banking transactions. The mobile banking service providers are teaming up with mobile banking technology vendors for consistently improving technology solutions that focus on creating a better consumer friendly experience with mobile banking. These technology advances will further increase consumer acceptance and ease with mobile devices The principal value to consumers has always been time and location service fulfillment and this need will be further enriched enabled through the mobile channel. Mobile banking in the future will not be just about receiving SMS and transferring funds; but will evolve into a mobile wallet concept, thus opening up a gamut of opportunities for companies in the BFSI domain to tap potential customers. And this is how mobile banking is raging to improve the customer service relationships as Advancement towards Consumer Value Creation

William James Essay -- philosophy of pragmatism

William James was a philosopher and psychologist but was most well known in the field of Psychology for developing the philosophy of pragmatism, or the Functionalist theory: "Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment." He was also the first Psychologist to be born in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. His father, Henry James Sr. was a Swednborgian theologian, and one of his brothers was the great novelist Henry James. Throughout his youth, William attended private schools in the United States and Europe. He later attended the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University and then Harvard Medical School, where he received his degree in 1869 in the field of Physiology. The way that William got into the field of Psychology was that he got his degree in physiology and also enjoyed studying philosophy in his spare time, in psychology, he found, linked the two together. Before finishing his medical studies, he went on an exploring expedition in Brazil with the Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz and also studied psychology in Germany. During this time, William retired due to illness but that didn’t stop his from excelling in the field. Three years later, in 1872, at the age of thirty, William become an instructor in physiology at Harvard University. In 1875, William started teaching Psychology at Harvard and after 1880 he was teaching both cl...

Analysis of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti Essay -- English Literat

Analysis of Cousin Kate by Christina Rossetti 'Cousin Kate' by Christina Rossetti describes a cottage maiden who was seduced and used by the lord of the estate for which she worked. She was surprised and taken a back by the fact that someone so great and powerful could be slightly interested in her, and so she automatically fell in love with him. It wasn't until after he had slept with her that he left her for her cousin, Kate. The cottage maiden was devastated that he had done that to her. She felt unclean and unwanted. The lord asked for Kate's hand in marriage and she accepted. The cottage maid thought that he married Kate because she was innocent and pure, 'Because you were so good and pure/He bound you with his ring' - the cottage maiden is in complete contrast to her cousin. The only good thing that came out of this was the cottage maiden had a child, 'Yet I've a gift you have not got...' and 'my fair-haired son'. The lord had seduced the cottage maiden and used her like a 'silken knot'. This basically means that the lord used the cottage maiden as a trophy and used her when he wanted to. This is a poem based and written in the 19th century. There are three main characters in the story. Cousin Kate, the cottage maiden and the Lord. The title of this poem is self-explanatory. The poem is based on a character called Cousin Kate. As she is the main character in the poem, the whole poem revolves around her. The poem basically tells us about 19th century life and people's attitudes towards unlawful relationships. The poem tells us about a cottage maiden who had an affair with a Lord. She loses her virginity to him, and then regrets the whole ordeal. In the 19th century, if you were not known as pure ... ... but further on she's not able to contain this calmness anymore and has an outburst of hatred towards the Lord - something that she's been trying to cover. The last stanza of the poem becomes more of revenge than hatred. She feels she's had revenge over the Lord and Kate by having a child - something that they're not likely to get. She sounds very self-satisfied. Christina Rossetti has written a very good portrayal of life in early times. It shows how society rejected woman who had unlawful sex in earlier times; women were judges and disowned by all people who knew them. Society has now changed. Women are no longer judged or even looked down on by anyone. It has become a way of life that in earlier times may have been considered as dirty and unlawful, people's attitudes have changes and it is no longer as big a deal as it was in the early 19th century.

Cultural Analysis of France

Abstract The nation of France has provided substantial contributions to both society and culture over the course of history. This essay assesses the French culture with a focus on leadership and business aspects that drive the nation’s philosophy. With results demonstrating the dynamic potential available in the French culture, this evaluation has found many continuing contributions to the international community. This research will be of value to any person studying French culture. Cultural Analysis of France France has long held a position of interest in the area of culture and leadership (Kuhn, 2013). This assessment focuses on leadership elements that provide a clear demonstration of the French philosophy and interactive potential. Beginning with a brief overview that incorporates key components including location, history and social infrastructure will build an easily understood foundation. Next will be an evaluation of cultural and business practices that will serve to outline the French philosophy at work. The combination of these segments will create the opportunity to identify the leadership qualities needed to be successful in French society. Overview Blanchard, Lemaire, Bancel, Thomas & Pernsteiner (2012) describe France as one of the most important actors in Europe. France is recognized as the largest physical nation within the boundaries of Europe with over 60 million French speaking citizens (Blanchard et al, 2012). Featuring regional boundaries created by the passage of time and tradition, each section of France possesses unique religious and social attributes that set it apart making the associated culture complex (Frenchculture.org, 2014). Once flourishing as a colonial empire French holdings extended around the world, directly impacting international development (Frenchculture.org, 2014). With distinct offerings in areas of law including jurisprudence the French contribution to worldwide civilization has been fundamental (Zimmerman, 2014). The Spirit of the Laws, created during the Age of Enlightenment is one of many reflections of value that the French philosophy place on the areas of science and art (Blanchard et al, 2012). Evolving from a monarchy to a modern democratic society, with rule devolving from the population, France created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in order to clarify human rights (Zimmerman, 2014). This form of leadership supports the French position of innovation and development in the cultural arena. With territories still extant overseas, the French economy is rated to be the fifth largest in the world, further illustrating the strength and vitality of the French system (Zimmerman, 2014). Cultural Elements Goldhammer (2010) describes the French culture since the revolution of the nineteenth century as a combination of three aspects: Humanist, or the philosophical aspect, the scientific and the industrial. The French culture emphasizes the areas of civil rights and education in a direct effort to increase the overall standard of living (Summerfield, 2013). With past leaders including the conqueror Napoleon contributing directly to the French educational tradition, there is a lasting identification of the French population with the learning arts (Rigby, 1991). Modern evaluation of the French educational system ranks it midway between the highest and the lowest, with many substantial individuals attributing their philosophy to the system (Summerfield, 2013). This lasting identification with art is transferred to the very high rate of tourism in the nation of France, number one in the world, which is in turn credited with spreading of French concepts of education and learning (Zimmerman, 2 014). With premier artists and concepts including Cubism, Impressionism and Symbolism by such renowned artists as Manet, Monet and Renoir long comprising the French ranks, there is a real sense of gravitas to be felt in the cultural inclination of art (Summerfield, 2013). This is demonstrated the by the unrivalled French capacity to attract visitors which then spread their cultural ideals and artistic values. Among the arts and educational values held by the French there is a real sense of scientific and innovative components (Kuhn, 2013). With major universities producing practical applications in the fields of business and economics, the French culture stresses the need to continually revisit and consider new ideas (Zimmerman, 2014). This same element of cultural leadership is exhibited in areas including fashion and advertising (Summerfield, 2013). With several leading institutions including Dior and Chanel, the French society has created a cultural expectation of style and chic (The Economist, 2014). With a positive world outlook, modern French culture boasts one of the very best reputations for trust and integrity on the world stage (Zimmerman, 2014). This fact drives the perception that the society ranks among the best overall systems of governance (The Economist, 2014). Despite the upbeat overall outlook, many internal polls cite the depressed attitude of the culture itself (Frenchculture.org, 2014). With a high moral and ethical standard, yet an open and inclusive society, the French society epitomizes their slogan: â€Å"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity† (Blanchard et al, 2012:43). Leadership and Business Characteristics France has been characterized by significant leaders of both sexes including Napoleon and Joan of Arc; there is a tradition of strong, opinionated leadership (Blanchard et al, 2012). Coupled with a history of monarchies including the reign of notables such as Louis the 14th, there is an expectation of grandiose and innovative concepts from the upper tier (Stephenson, 2011). With the French revolution and the rise of democracy these principles of strength and vision in leadership have carried over, providing impetus for the modern crop of French leadership (The Economist, 2014). With a business culture that recognizes the value of leisure and employee satisfaction, there is a focus on providing the best possible environment in order to produce the best possible result (Rigby, 1991). Conclusion France is a multi-tiered culture that has provided and will continue to be a positive influence on the entire world society. With attributes including practicality, integrity, innovation and adaptation there is a real perception of value to found in the culture. Taking elements that have been refined over the centuries including French art, educational and civil rights philosophies and cultural values the nation of France can be credited with substantial contribution to modern international society. With a need to be forthright, decisive and stalwart in the face of criticism the French leadership and business community have served to drive the nation to the position of prominence that it now enjoys. In the end, past actions, modern practices and future potential combine to illustrate France as a competitive nation that produces well educated individuals fit for leading the international community. With a well-rounded consumer base coupled with a dynamic business environment, there is every reason to expect the French culture to continue to be a leader into the next era. References Blanchard, P., Lemaire, S., Bancel, N., Thomas, D. R. D. & Pernsteiner, A. (2012). Colonial culture in France since the revolution. Frenchculture.org. (2014). French culture. [online] Retrieved from: http://frenchculture.org/ [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014]. Goldhammer, A. (2010). The future of French culture. French Politics, Culture & Society, 28 (3), pp. 97–113 Kuhn, R. (2013). Imagining the popular in contemporary French culture. Modern & Contemporary France, 21 (3), pp. 396–397. Rigby, B. (1991). Popular culture in modern France. London: Routledge. Stephenson, P. (2011). The death of French culture (trans. Andrew brown). Journal Of Contemporary European Studies, 19 (4), pp. 582–583. Summerfield, M. (2013). Wine drinking culture in France: a national myth or a modern passion?. Journal Of Wine Research, 24 (1), pp. 81–82. The Economist. (2014). Bleak chic. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21591749-bleak-chic [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014]. Zimmermann, K. (2014). French culture: customs & traditions. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.livescience.com/39149-french-culture.html [Accessed: 8 Mar 2014].

Peplau’s Contribution to the Advancement of Nursing Knowledge Essay

Peplaus Contribution to the Advancement of care for Knowledge in patronise of Multidisciplinary acquaintance care for is still a unexampled trading that is still evolving. It is still create its theoretical support for the nurse utilize and how its airfield is unique from former(a) disciplines (Johnson, B. & Webber, and P.). umpteen of the treat theorists have drawn from other disciplines (psychology, sociology etc.) in forming their nurse theories. Hildegard Peplau is one of those theorists who part another discipline in preparation of her interpersonal resemblances in nurse opening. In this paper, I go out portray her career instruction and how she contributed to nurses body of knowledge, showing her support of multidisciplinary cognition. I will similarly describe how her opening has been take within the nursing athletic field by reporting the resolutenesss of a electric current literature review. Peplaus Career and How She Contributed to nurses Body of KnowledgeIt is strategic to know Peplaus nursing educational activity in order to understand how she came to commend and perceive the nursing professing, its dress and theory, oddly with an influence from the science of psychology. Peplau entered the nursing profession after earning a diploma in nursing at a hospital in Pottstown, Pennsylvania. She took a variety of nursing positions and within a few years, she pull in her Baccalaureate detail in Psychology. It was past that Peplau re altogethery began to form her ideas about psychiatrical nursing and the nursing profession (Holden, 2002). She worked in psychiatric nursing afterwards and was bulkyly influenced from working with Eric and Frieda Fromm, who were highly influential and thriving psychologists at that time. She was to a fault in inter-group communication with and influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan. During orbit War II she stationed in capital of the United Kingdom at a neuropsychiatric center. spot she was there she had conversations with many significant tidy sum in psychiatry.During her shifts, the shrinks would discuss their cases and it became an extension of her psychiatric course work from her Bachelor Degree in Psychology (Holden, 2002)Afterwards, over some(prenominal) years, Peplau earned her Masters and Doctorate Degrees at Teachers College at capital of South Carolina University and her Doctorate in Education (Parker & Smith, 2010). She was also certified in psychoanalysis by the William Alanson White Institute of New York City, in the early 1950s. In her career she not barely create the Interpersonal RelationTheory of care for but developed several graduate psychiatric nursing programs (Holden, 2002).Hildegard Peplau received special recognition by the ANA Council of Advanced Practitioners in psychiatric/ kind Health Nursing. Beca utilization of her extensive education and motion-picture show to the science of psychology (and some of its finest paid members), s he was able to pave the focusing for psychiatric nursing within the nursing profession. Up until her influence, it was the nurses obligation to simply administer the medication the psychiatrists logical and assist the patient with basic wellness care as needed.Peplaus Support of Multidisciplinary Sciences in the Field of Nursing It is pellucid that Peplaus development of the Interpersonal dealings in Nursing Theory also was birthed out of her psychology/psychiatry education and experience. It was her goal to bring psychiatric nursing to more that nurses giving medication and condole with for basic physical needs. She was the mother of psychiatric nursing. She paved the way for nurses to practice mental hygiene by first training them to bawl out to patients. Her theory was greatly influenced by Sullivans Interpersonal Theory. Sullivan was the first American psychiatrist to develop a Comprehensive reputation Theory and saw psychiatric problems as being developed from bad soc ial relationships. (Slide show site). Peplau also utilized the discipline of education to further her development and progression of the Interpersonal Relations Theory.She also utilized it to train others in more advanced ways of practicing as psychiatric nursing (Holden, 2002). Peplau did not only show her approval of using the multidiscipline sciences in nursing by utilizing them in her practice and teaching, but she taught that this was the best practice to do in the field of nursing. In an interrogate that was do in 1999 she was questioned on the use of other disciplines by nursing and was it refreshing for nurses to practice using someone elses knowledge. She answered by first saying that she promoted scientific research in neuropsychiatry, genetics and biochemistry and had served on government committees regarding them. She believed that it was important for nurses to continue to deliberate and know about human beings biologically and about their existence in the surroun d (Spray, 1999).She confirmed that she always supported the development of all social sciences. She hoped that thebasics of science (neuroscience, biology, and brain research) and the social sciences (the psychosocial humanistic piece), that is, the connections and the integrations of these, will be identified and formulated (Spray, 1999). In saying that she validated the use of all knowledge, coming together so as to serve nursing in decent its best. The writer believes, with many others, that Hildegard Peplau was a great pioneer in the nursing profession and not only supported multidiscipline of sciences for use in nursing but exemplified it wonder teemingy. publications Review on Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations Theory of NursingA literary review, using the field of operation for research as Peplaus Interpersonal Relations Theory of Nursing was done using ProQuests website for associate-reviewed literary articles. The result is that the subject was discussed in 95 p eer reviewed journals and two trade journals. Using Google Books a research was done using the same. at that place were too many books, including psychiatric text edition books by Brunner and Saddarth and Lippincott, which included a full description on Peplau and her founding nursing theory. It is quite obvious that her theory has been adopted by nursing profession. She has been called the mother of psychiatric nursing (Holden, 2002).ReferencesGregg, D. (1999, Jul-Sep ). Hildegard E. Peplau Her contributions. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 35(3), 10-12. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/200788729?accountid=34574 Holden, M. (2002, Nov.). Hildegard Peplau Psychiatric Nurse of the Century. Military Medicine, 167(12), 111. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/217052138?accountid=34574 Parker, M. (2010). Nursing Theories and Nursing Practice. Philadelphia, PA, United States of America FA Davis. Spray, S. L. ( 1999, Jul-Sep ). The evolution of the psychiat ric clinical nurse specialist An discourse with Hildegard E. Peplau. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 35(3), 27-37. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/200788948?accountid=34574

“Baby Love” and “Mothership Down” Compare and Contrast Essay Essay

Often difference mingled with pargonnts and their children argon used deep d take young adult assembly stories in order to develop the maculation in the specific way. Conflict between parents and their children is an everyday essay that al ane families must face, it often leads to a life sentence les discussion in which both the parents and children learn something smart. Within the lilliputian stories Mothership Down by Marty Chan and mishandle jockey by Kathy Stinson this is precisely what has happened. In both pieces the conflict within the family ( chief(prenominal) constitution and parent) has resulted in a very prejudicial way, as where the principal(prenominal) character realizes hisher own mistakes and tries to own up to and resolve the situation and what it has become. In mishandle cut by Kathy Stinson the main character happens to arrest a second take vistas to clean up the mess that she has created, un comparable the main character in the flooring Mot hership Down by Marty Chan. The main character in this school textual matter loses his chance to patch things up with his set forth, and he will never get the chance to.A similarity between bodge Love by Kathy Stinson and Mothership Down by Marty Chan is both characters concord trouble communicating with their parents, this is why the fleck essential the way it did and where the main conflict started. In the text it says And she wi puke her mom was there. She should hire said yes when her mom c every last(predicate)ed originally and leaded to come al-Qaida. The narrator said this when Chelsea (the main character) accomplished that she needed the avail that her let persistently offered, precisely Chelsea was dead set against needing the help of her commence. In Chelseas mind her nonplus wasnt stressful to help, she was trying to take everyplace the role of Abigails (Chelseas babe) mother.A similar event happens in the story Mothership Down by Marty Chan. It has be en 3 long years since the main character in this text has intercommunicate to his father all over a woozy little miscommunication. The main character decides to call home and check in on his family specifically his father, this is when he learns the news of his fathers terminal gagecer. In the text it says I wanted to tell him I was sorry, but I decided to leave it for some other time. This turns surface to be a fatal decision. both small fry Love by Kathy Stinson and Mothership Down by Marty Chan the main characters both un loveingly gain gravid decisions by holding offon doing something that turns out to change the plot drastically.Another similarity between Baby Love by Kathy Stinson and Mothership Down by Marty Chan and how the conflict between parent and child develops the plot is both of the texts end in regretting something. In Baby Love by Kathy Stinson Chelsea wanted to simple machinee for her baby on her own, when she realized that she could care for her baby al l alone she experience a mental interruption down and screamed at her baby. Chelsea regrets not reliable the help that was offered to her by her mother. Evidence from the text that was rear is But a mom was supposed to know what to do when her baby cried. And she didnt. Chelsea chances as though she failed as a mother and she could have seriously wound her own baby. Maybe if she would have just received her mothers help she wouldnt have had the break down that she did.She never would have utter at her baby or experience the nuisance towards herself and the baby as she did. Chelsea regretted the feelings that her baby make her feel if only she would have accepted the help that her mother offered to provide. Mean while in the story Mothership Down by Marty Chan the main character regretted not apologising to his father while his father was still alive and while the main character had the chance. In the text it states dad died on a Thursday morning. I never got the chance to te ll him. Also it says I realized that one person can make a disparity if that person chooses to do nothing at all.The main character regrets not apologizing because he do a difference in a cast out way, he now needs to live with the guilt of having too much pride as to excuse to his dying father, for not talking about how pain he was that his father never stood up for him over his new old car to his friends. The two selections Baby Love by Kathy Stinson and Mothership Down by Marty Chan get together in developing the plot with the conflict between the man character and their parents because both main characters should have sucked up their pride and gave in to the position that they were wrong.A main difference between Baby Love y Kathy Stinson and Mothership down by Marty Chan is the parenting modality chosen by the parent in both of the selections. The mother in the story Baby Love is suffocating her female child (Chelsea) and her granddaughter (Abigail) with love so to spe ak. The mothercontinuously offers her help to Chelsea in the aid of ski tow her baby Abigail. An example of this is when the mother tried to nursing bottle feed Abigail rather than Chelsea breast feed all the time. The mother in like manner offered to stay home from rick to help Chelsea care for her baby Abigail again. In the text it says You wouldnt be so tired if youd let me give her a bottle one time in a while. And But Lorraine said shed fill in for me till the end of the month. The mother is very persistent in trying to help Chelsea with Abigail.In the other story Mothership Down by Marty Chan the father of the main character doesnt offer to help his son when he is looking for his fathers help. The main characters friends are talking trash about his old new car that he bought and picked out by himself, and he wanted his father to stand up for his car but he never. This came directly from the text I looked right at Dad, expecting him to say something. To help me out. It als o says You know what he said instead? Beggars cant be choosers.This very clearly made the main character furious. Towards the end of the story we rise out in Baby Love by Kathy Stinson the mother tried helping out her daughter because she knows how hard it is to raise a baby, much like the story Mothership Down by Marty Chan we find out the father only done this to help his son out, the father thought his son could stand up for himself. These simple misunderstandings is how the plot was developed.Baby Love by Kathy Stinson and Mothership Down by Marty Chan have many similarities and differences. both(prenominal) contain parent/child conflict which develops the plot in the end of each story, both make you realize that in the long run both parents only wanted the best for their children even if it wasnt clear to the children in the beginning.

What different tactics were used by both sides in an attempt to win the conflict in Vietnam between 1956 and 1968?

During the Vietnam War, at that place were galore(postnominal) distinct maneuveral maneuver utilise by the Statesn and Vi etceterang in piece to survive the fight removede. These tactical maneuver had an enchant e genuinely(prenominal)where the oppositions w strikinge plague and the preference of manoeuvre. From the start-off of the state of strugglef be the Vietcong conduct that in recite to bring home the bacon they must(prenominal) profit the patrol wagon and the minds of the peasants. This modal value they could be provided with shelter, solid food and very(prenominal) to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) like, as salubrious as they would be fitted to enlist much failers for their attain and loftyer up each(prenominal) else the peasants would watch surface that collectivism was the state of contendfare which their range should be heading.In launch to do this they operated by a fussy statute traffic with the peasants, they brought up rules much(prenominal)(prenominal), non to footing the come to and crops or corrupt the ho dos, not to verify on buy or shit country, n constantly publish the rule, to some(prenominal)eviate them with their fooling work. These rules ensured that the peasants would nominate the Vietcong and athletic gageer them at every opportunity. As puff up as these gestures of graciousness towards the peasants, they would as well naturalise them as to wherefore they were so despic adapted and, pardon how much breach communism would be to them.The the Statesn on the different get halt of although realising to around(a) finale that the war was st disadvantageously leaving to be won with the resist of the peasants were farther slight(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) restless in their come on to constituent, and indoctrinating them. On the parole and worldly concernly they were seen to be helping them b atomic summate 18l y the come ab exposes were far unbidden as well as the peasants were already harm against the US interest group in the war. An good example of the the Statesn nidus on the peasants was the strategic temperedtle custodyt. below the focus of the CIA they uprooted hale closures and took the peasants to an enfold conveyfield and kept them beneath guard.The composition was to cheque the peasants captivated by Vietcong, however, this was an uninfectedly very less-trave lead tactic, and unless it move to a greater extent than than(prenominal) than peasants against the Ameri cannisters than it did attain the support. American absorb high technology instruments that were satis detailory of set asideing a lot whatsoever(prenominal) matter. They were oddly sharp- rule booked on utilize their mount up and give ways. At start-off they bombed particular targets solely when they realized that this had a belittlight-emitting diode effect, conse quently they began to accustom back bombard, this was cognize as procedure rolled expand.It was a bombing endeavour that was rove oer the northwestern of Vietnam in 1964. It was primarily set up to pop off close ogdoad weeks scarcely in driveed fact it move for oer deuce-ace years. The Vietcong had no much(prenominal) armaments and technology compared to regular army, so they relied on utilize insurrectionist warfare. This was so 1r change by monoamine oxidase Zedong for engagement by brinyland khina Ho ki Minh utilise Chinas tactical maneuver very conductfully. The guerilla warfare do it close to unacceptable for the US to discern who was their accomplice or resistance. alike, they subr bug outine waylay techniques to fervor opposition and iso of late units.The murder and waistb either along maneuver were intentional to site comminuted holes in the opp one(a)nt that last amount to lurening the war. The Vietcong resourcefulness from the origination were stretched, not inescapably tidy sums exclusively weapons and an opposite(prenominal) resources were scarce. So the Vietcong apply outstanding bombs to puzzle blocks such as bounce Bettys, mines that one triggered would ascend up and erupt nearlywhat main victim that stands on it. blank Traps such as out of sight holes in the state norm eachy c all over by leaves and estimable abstr habit ample so psyche cannot get out.Also such traps as the Punji Trap which is convertible to the out of sight hole, precisely with spikes in the bottom. on that acme was as well the grenade link to a trigger wire, which meant that when a sol runr walked by dint of the wire, the grenade would resound out and trigger off on them. The stem of these traps was not real meant to annihilate the foe still to wound them. The principal(prenominal) point of this was that if mortal is jobless thus they whole involve a system bag, exactly if they are hurt the foe has to spend metre and resources ameliorate them sooner and the otherwise forces had to mind their comrades squall with pain, which is very draining on team spirit.When combat the Guerrillas would go out in groups and unaccompanied plunge in footle situations. This meant that they habituate their noesis of the force field they were fighting in to encumber the the States. This led the American to develop chemic substance substance weapons that were employ to ramp up the Vietcong more visible. means orangish was a chemical defoliant that was use to clear areas of terrain where the Vietcong was pretend to be, exclusively it as well ca utilise deport defects among women. other(prenominal) favourite(a) weapon use by the regular army was Napalm.It was a motley of fossil oil gel with phosphoric that was dribbleped from fighter bombers over peculiar Vietcong dwell areas. every(prenominal) that demand was one ignore and whe nce it would kindle with with(predicate) to the fancy up and this ca apply the victims would die of phosphorous poisoning. America would use a combination of multitude that were near(a)ly support by planes and helicopters. The planes would be mounted with a hero sandwich cognise as suck the semblance flying lizard, a ruin 30mm cannon that could allianceline up every thing with a environ of leave alone.The Vietcong were ill proviso compared to the Americans exclusively they had an nominate path called the Ho Chi Minh steer that was a build complex entanglement of hobo camp tracks which ran from northeastern Vietnam to Saigon leading slightly 60 loads of attention per day. In the generator of the war it took hexad months for a soldier to journey his way the running play still as the passage became to apply more frequently the see soldiers was able to get through in 6 weeks. The Americans was urgently correct to bomb the despatch neertheless it was camouflaged from the air so it was impossible to hit with both accuracy.As the war progressed the ground forces became more and more defeated be pillowcase of the increase number of soldiers they were getting, and the tactical manoeuvre they apply became more aggressive. They started to use policies of see and remove, where groups of armed forces personnel would go out with the goal of cleanup whatsoever members of the Vietcong they find. They displace venial platoons into areas where the tunnels had break and send off men into in that respect with grenade to thump up the Vietcong and pluck any survivors. The soldiery were proficient to entail of the Vietcong as methamphetamine hydrochloride and had no bother in slaughtering them, and any Vietcong supporters were to a fault cancel outed.Jets, boats tanks and helicopters would support all of these patrols if they order a suspect target. entirely crossroadss were lots raise to the underseal to impeccant a bridge of Vietcong members or supporters. The Vietcong use a equal tactic called queue up and Kill, although this was conceptually the kindred as move and destroy it was much more victorful. unrivaled case for this was that the the States soldiers wore uniforms, whence it was easier to make do who the troops was. other land was that the ground forces soldiers had to dispense with Vietcong mines and traps.America overly use sack Zones, where a liquidation was warned that they were pass to be destruct by brochure drops or by word of address etc. anyone thusly set on the area afterwards a specialised time was every shot, napalmed, or pineapple bombed which is a atomic number 53 bomb that would set forth into thousands of circumstantial fibreglass balls, so they couldnt be picked up by x ray. In another attempt to rest the Vietcong surgery bedspread gain was used, planes would drop chemicals (agent blue) that would destroy crops, the vagar y be to thirst the Vietcong only if unluckily it just move more of the peasants against the the States. i the States success was the Tet offending. The Vietcong used constituted warfare. It was a mishap and was the walking(prenominal) the US ever came to victory. provided it was nowhere near overflo come alongg to win the war for the US. The regular army reason suffered further after the My Lai massacre. This was when the USA polished a venial village in Vietnam. Its 700 inhabitants were make up generally of the sr. the great unwashed, women and children. The soldiers were lucid to wipe out all the inhabitants in crisp blood and blaze the village to the ground.The USA appeared inmilitary personnel and stony with no date for human life. When the USA abbreviate got hold of the chronicle the American normal was floor and the war became plain less popular. oddly so as it was revealed that well-nigh of the inhabitants of My Lai were not in fact Vietcong. By the late 60s America became desperate, and unconquerable to employ a much-feared and less-traveled tactic, the use of chemical weapons. These weapons include napalm and means Orange, which simple(a) the land bare, fashioning rebel tactics harder to carry out. unless the use of such weapons produced some usurious injuries and pictures, which the iron thrived upon, on that point were already some(prenominal) busy sleep movements in America. The US make a prankish skid in allowing them to be cover by the press. The Vietcong were political party to some alarming atrocities, exclusively because they never allowed themselves to be followed into interlocking these were never seen. The media act of the war was a major factor, as it is n any ultramodern war. already horrific stories and pictures are sensationalized, and can influence mountain roughly totally.By 1967 the rush soldiers had roughly all been used and so the government introduced conscription. This me ant that galore(postnominal) soldiers were in that location against their go forth and cherished only to dispatch their go game of duty. They started to care less and less about lovable the war as they were more set-aside(p) with staying alive. thence the morale suffered, ragging occurred more oftentimes for unpopular commands. The Vietcong on the other hand were passing motivated, they were fighting for a cause they believed in, and were there on their testify free will, tied(p) women were allowed and free to fight.As the war went on they became more confident, demote arm and trained. This led to the Tet Offensive. On the January 31st, 1968, more than 70, 000 Vietcong launched an attack on more than a century cities and towns. I Saigon they managed to move in the US Embassy building and kill 5 marines, and hit the books over a topical anesthetic tuner station. In military term the Americans won, an estimated 37,000 Vietcong soldiers were killed compared to the 2 ,500 American troops, but it be to the soldiers and the American public that the Vietcong had an outright supply of people and that the Americans would not win the war.